![]() ![]() Grid-pattern cities were surrounded by walls that served as a demarcation point rather than as true protection, and eventually such barriers disappeared. Typical defenses included a rampart, a ditch, and a palisade. Plateaus or plains often utilized the palisade, a semi-permanent defense. Mountain fortresses appear to be an indigenous form, and were typical of remote areas. The grid-pattern city form was inspired by Chinese planning precedents, and included gates or walled enclosures. Up to the beginning of the feudal era, three forms of fortifications were built, according to archaeologists. Although fortifications were constructed in Japan prior to the feudal period, frequent conflicts associated with warrior ascendancy inspired new, distinctive temporary architectural forms as well as more lasting structures to protect against military attack.
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